Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Disruption of Autolysis in Bacillus subtilis using TiO 2 Nanoparticles

doi: 10.1038/srep44308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Colony Forming Unit ( C ) over time normalized to the initial Colony Forming Unit of each series ( C 0 ) of B. subtilis in 5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer (pH 7.7) with exposure to 100 ppm (black upside-down triangle), 50 ppm (pink triangle), 10 ppm (orange square), 1 ppm TiO 2 (blue circle), and a no TiO 2 control (grey diamond) in the absence of light. Each point represents the mean ( n = 3) with error bars representing the 95% confidence interval. The marker obscures error bars that appear absent. The lower error bounds are missing from two data points, control at 8 hours and 1 ppm at 8 hours, because the bottom of the error bar would go to a negative value which cannot be shown on a logarithmic axis. Connecting lines are provided to guide the eye.

Article Snippet: Degussa P-25 TiO 2 (70% anatase/30% rutile) NPs were suspended (0.3% wt.) in 15 mL of sterile lysis buffer (5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer pH 7.0), via probe sonication (550 Sonic Disembrator, Fischer Scientific) with an acoustic power input of 4.11 W (determined using calorimetric method described by Taurozzi et al . , see ) for 10 minutes in a glass beaker.

Techniques: Marker

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Disruption of Autolysis in Bacillus subtilis using TiO 2 Nanoparticles

doi: 10.1038/srep44308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fluorometery assay of DiSC3(5) stained B. subtilis cultures in 5 mM NaHCO 3 in the presence of 50 ppm TiO 2 (pink triangle) and absence of TiO 2 (grey diamond) in the dark. Depolarization of B. subtilis membrane was monitored by measuring the fluorescence intensity at an excitation and emission wavelength of 643 nm and 666 nm, respectively, for 1 hour. Apparent equilibrium DiSC 3 (5) between the cell membrane and the media, as indicated by a flat-line in fluorescence, took 40 minutes.

Article Snippet: Degussa P-25 TiO 2 (70% anatase/30% rutile) NPs were suspended (0.3% wt.) in 15 mL of sterile lysis buffer (5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer pH 7.0), via probe sonication (550 Sonic Disembrator, Fischer Scientific) with an acoustic power input of 4.11 W (determined using calorimetric method described by Taurozzi et al . , see ) for 10 minutes in a glass beaker.

Techniques: Staining, Fluorescence

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Disruption of Autolysis in Bacillus subtilis using TiO 2 Nanoparticles

doi: 10.1038/srep44308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Unmapped (a1–g1) and TiO 2 mapped (a2–g2) images of B. subtilis (~10 7 cells/mL) exposed to 0 ( a,b ), 1 ppm ( c,d ), and 100 ppm ( e – g ) TiO 2 nanoparticles suspended in bicarbonate buffer (5 mM). The TiO 2 mapped images were obtained using Spectral Angle Mapper (0.09 rad), where all red pixels have spectral signatures identical to those in the TiO 2 NP spectral library. Figures with the same alphabetical identifier, e.g. a1 and a2, are identical images, however, a2 is mapped to identify TiO 2 location, whereas a1 is left unmapped.

Article Snippet: Degussa P-25 TiO 2 (70% anatase/30% rutile) NPs were suspended (0.3% wt.) in 15 mL of sterile lysis buffer (5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer pH 7.0), via probe sonication (550 Sonic Disembrator, Fischer Scientific) with an acoustic power input of 4.11 W (determined using calorimetric method described by Taurozzi et al . , see ) for 10 minutes in a glass beaker.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Disruption of Autolysis in Bacillus subtilis using TiO 2 Nanoparticles

doi: 10.1038/srep44308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Colony Forming Unit ( C ) over time normalized to the initial Colony Forming Unit of each series ( C 0 ) of B. subtilis in 5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer (pH 7.7) with the addition of 50 ppm TiO 2 NPs at time points of 0 hour (square), 0.5 hour (circle), and 1 hour (triangle) in the absence of light. Each point represents the mean ( n = 3 or 2) with error bars representing the standard deviation. The marker obscures error bars that appear absent. The lower error bound is missing from one data point: t = 1 hr (triangle) at 1 hour because the bottom of the error bar would go to a negative value which cannot be shown on a logarithmic axis. Connecting lines are provided to guide the eye.

Article Snippet: Degussa P-25 TiO 2 (70% anatase/30% rutile) NPs were suspended (0.3% wt.) in 15 mL of sterile lysis buffer (5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer pH 7.0), via probe sonication (550 Sonic Disembrator, Fischer Scientific) with an acoustic power input of 4.11 W (determined using calorimetric method described by Taurozzi et al . , see ) for 10 minutes in a glass beaker.

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Marker

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Disruption of Autolysis in Bacillus subtilis using TiO 2 Nanoparticles

doi: 10.1038/srep44308

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Adsorption isotherm of cell wall enzyme extract on TiO 2 NPs at pH 7.7 and 25 °C with the surface area concentration, Γ , plotted against the concentration of free enzyme in solution, C w . ( b ) Relative change in in peptidoglycan over time after incubation with cell wall associated enzymes. Prior to exposure to peptidoglycan, cell wall associated enzymes were incubated with varying concentrations of TiO 2 NPs, which are denoted with distinct markers. The Negative control peptidoglycan was not exposed to any cell wall associated enzymes. The Positive control peptidoglycan was exposed to autolysins that were not incubated with TiO 2 NPs. The dotted line represents the baseline of initial peptidoglycan concentration. Connecting lines are provided to guide the eye.

Article Snippet: Degussa P-25 TiO 2 (70% anatase/30% rutile) NPs were suspended (0.3% wt.) in 15 mL of sterile lysis buffer (5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer pH 7.0), via probe sonication (550 Sonic Disembrator, Fischer Scientific) with an acoustic power input of 4.11 W (determined using calorimetric method described by Taurozzi et al . , see ) for 10 minutes in a glass beaker.

Techniques: Adsorption, Concentration Assay, Incubation, Negative Control, Positive Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Disruption of Autolysis in Bacillus subtilis using TiO 2 Nanoparticles

doi: 10.1038/srep44308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed mechanisms through which TiO 2 NPs influence autolysis in B. subtilis . ( a ) TiO 2 NPs associate with the region of cell wall teichoic acids that make up the point of contact between the cell and NPs, altering autolysin activity and maintaining the PMF under nutrient limited conditions. ( b ) Once a cell has undergone autolysis, the released autolysins are adsorbed by TiO 2 NPs which diminishes the peptidoglycan-degrading functionality, limiting enzymatic attack of peptidoglycan of other population members.

Article Snippet: Degussa P-25 TiO 2 (70% anatase/30% rutile) NPs were suspended (0.3% wt.) in 15 mL of sterile lysis buffer (5 mM NaHCO 3 buffer pH 7.0), via probe sonication (550 Sonic Disembrator, Fischer Scientific) with an acoustic power input of 4.11 W (determined using calorimetric method described by Taurozzi et al . , see ) for 10 minutes in a glass beaker.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a-c) SEM images of (a) TiO 2 ; (b) ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 ; (c) ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 . And (d-f) TEM images of (d) TiO 2 ; (e) ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 ; (f) ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques:

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) characteristics of each TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques:

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: XRD patterns of (a) TiO 2 ; (b) ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 ; (c) ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques:

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) XPS survey spectrum Ti 2p of TiO 2 , ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 , ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 ; (b) XPS survey spectrum O 1 s of TiO 2 , ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 , ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques:

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: UV–visible absorption spectrum for the dye adsorption assessment. (a) TiO 2 ; (b) ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 ; (c) ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques: Adsorption

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: EIS Nyquist plot (under dark condition) of (a) TiO 2 ; (b) ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 ; (c) ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques:

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: Photocurrent density–voltage (J-V) graph of the DSSCs (under one-sun illumination of 1000 mW/cm 2 ). (a) TiO 2 ; (b) ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 ; (c) ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques:

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of energy conversion efficiency of the DSSCs according to sonication.

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques: Sonication

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: Parameters for calculating the chemical capacitance and the recombination resistance. ΔE c means the difference in conduction band energy (E c ) between each material. Since these samples have the same chemical composition, there is no change in the E c value.

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques:

Journal: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Article Title: TiO 2 treatment using ultrasonication for bubble cavitation generation and efficiency assessment of a dye-sensitized solar cell

doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105933

Figure Lengend Snippet: Graphs for the (a) chemical capacitance and the (b) recombination resistance of TiO 2 , ultrasonic cleaner-TiO 2 , ultrasonic horn-TiO 2 .

Article Snippet: The DSSC used in this experiment was prepared using TiO 2 (anatase 99.9%, US Research Nanomaterials, Houston, TX), α-terpineol (98.5%, Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, South Korea), chloroplatinic acid hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), N719 dye (Solaronix, Aubonne, Swiss), ethanol (HPLC grade, Duksan Co., Ansan, South Korea), and ethyl cellulose 10 cP (extra pure, Daejung Chemicals & Metals, Siheung, South Korea).

Techniques: